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Grigore HERMAN
grigoreherman@yahoo.com
Year XIV, 2004:
A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE FOLIATION OF FOSSIL GINKGOALES AND PRESENT GINKGO BILOBA
Mădălina CHIŢESCU, Alexandru ISTRATE, Ovidiu MURĂRESCU
Rezumat: Studiu morfologic comparativ al foliaţiei Ginkgoalelor fosile cu cele actuale (Ginkgo biloba). Lucrarea prezentă - Studiul comparativ al Ginkgoalelor fosile cu cele actuale (Ginkgo biloba) - şi-a propus să evidenţieze diferenţele şi asemănările morfologice ale foliaţiei Ginkgoalelor fosile şi a celor actuale(Ginkgo biloba). Asemănările se remarcă la nivelul unghiurilor făcute de peţiol cu frunza în partea dreaptă şi stângă, la numărul de crestături ale frunzei şi înălţimea deschiderii frunzei, iar diferenţele în cazul numărului de lobi ai frunzei, a înălţimii frunzei şi a arealului de dezvoltare a acestor plante. Metodele folosite au fost numeroase (metoda cantitativă, calitativă, de sistem, etc.) ca şi instrumentele (grile, matrice, tabele). Cercetarea a fost directă, pe teren, dar şi indirectă prin aprofundarea bibliografiei accesibile.
ASPECTE CLIMATOGEOGRAFICE ALE ORAŞELOR ÎN VESTUL MUNŢILOR APUSENI
Gheorghe MĂHĂRA, Ovidiu GACEU
Abstract: Climatic Aspects of Storms in the West of the Apuseni Mountains. The paper presents the climatic features of storms in the West of the Apuseni Mountains, namely the main parameters that characterize storms (the average and maximum annual number of stormy days, the annual interval favourable to storms occurence, the day or night interval favourable to storms occurence, period of storms) and their geographical distribution in the Apuseni Mountains. In this respect we analyzed the meteorological data between 1961-2000 from nine weather stations at different altitudes both in the mountains and at their periphery, namely Gurahonţ (177 m), Ştei (265 m), Borod (333 m), Huedin (560 m), Bistra-Câmpeni (591 m), Stâna de Vale (1108 m), Băişoara (1360 m), Vlădeasa 1400 (1404 m) and Vlădeasa 1800 (1836 m), which were processed according to the standardized methodology used in climatic practices. We have concluded that storms are most frequent on the mountain peaks especially in summer days’ afternoons.
CONSIDERAŢII ASUPRA EXISTENŢEI CLIMATULUI SUBMEDITERANEAN PE TERITORIUL ROMÂNIEI
Sterie CIULACHE, Nicoleta IONAC
Abstract: Considerations on the Existence of a Submediterranean Climate in Romania. In order to confirm or reject the existence, in the south-western parts of the Romanian territory, of a sector with submediterranean climate, we need some basic criteria to characterize the Mediterranean climate, whose main features may fade out into the specific ones of the former type. The main unique feature of the Mediterranean climate is the alternance of clear, hot and dry summers with moist and gentle winters. This means that the mean rainfall amounts in summer are much lower than in winter, the same principle also applying to the mean number of rainy days. Another important feature of the Mediterranean climate is the absence of snow-layer (in the hilly and plain regions), although snowfalls occur every year. Other characteristics may be relevant in this respect too, as the frequency of winter days, occurrence of frost etc. Since the submediterranean climatic subtype clearly reflects a quantitative diminution of the mediterranean climatic features and not the reversal of the most essential processes that give its unicity, one may conclude that there is no such submediterranean climate in Romania. Moreover, the quantitative criteria plead for no submediterranean climate, because the so-called region with submediterranean climate in our country records 30 days with snow-layer/year, which get it closer to the mid-latitude climate of transition in southern romania, where there are 35-40 days with snow-layer/year, rather than to the region with mediterranean climate, in which there are no days with snow-layer. The presence, in the yearly march of rainfalls, of a second-order maximum in October-November, doesn’t solely justify the existence of a submediterranean climate, because this maximum is relevant only for Drobeta Turnu Severin weather station and irrelevant for Timişoara and Oraviţa.
TENSIUNEA VAPORILOR DE APĂ ŞI DEFICITUL DE SATURAŢIE ÎN MUNŢII BIHOR ŞI VLĂDEASA
Ovidiu GACEU
Abstract: The Steam Tension and the Saturation Deficit in the Bihor and Vlădeasa Mountains. The paper presents the features of two of the most important hights that characterize the air humidity, namely the steam tension and the saturation deficit in the Bihor and Vlădeasa Mountains. In this respect we have analyzed the meteorological data during 1961-2000 from nine weather stations located at different altitudes both in the mountains and at their margins, namely Gurahonţ (177 m), Ştei (265 m), Borod (333 m), Huedin (560 m), Bistra-Câmpeni (591 m), Stâna de Vale (1108 m), Băişoara (1360 m), Vlădeasa 1400 (1404 m) and Vlădeasa 1800 (1836 m), which were processed according to the standardized methodology used in the climatic practices. We have concluded that steam tension and the saturation deficit is lightly higher towards the south and lower depression areas, their annual average values being comprised between 10,4 mb at Gurahonţ and 4,8 mb at Huedin. From a hydrometric point of view, as compared to the neighboring areas and the other mountain regions with similar altitudes of Romania, Bihor and Vlădeasa Mountains emerge as a more humid area.
CANTITĂŢILE MAXIME DE PRECIPITAŢII ÎN 24 DE ORE ÎN CÂMPIA DE VEST SITUATĂ LA NORD DE MUREŞ
Eugenia ŞERBAN
Abstract: The Maximum Precipitation Amounts in 24 Hours in the West Plain, at the North of the Mures River. The present paper is a study of the maximum daily precipitation amounts recorded in the West Plain, at the North of Mures river between 1961 and 2000. The highest maximum values in 24 hours did not exceed 100 mm, mostly because of the moderate character of the climate, with oceanic influences, in the northwestern part of the country. The highest monthly values are registered during the interval May-October that is in the warm period of the year. At most of the weather stations, the maximum annual amounts of 30-35 mm in 24 hours have the highest probability to produce (23-28 %) and an assurance degree of 68-78 %. Generally, it was found that the maximum annual values in 24 hours fit to certain characteristic assurances are lower in the west and appreciate towards the east, as the altitude increases.
ANALIZA PERIOADELOR PLUVIOMETRICE CU AJUTORUL METODEI ANOMALIEI STANDARDIZATE ŞI PONDERATE DE PRECIPITAŢII (ASPP). STUDIU DE CAZ: DEPRESIUNEA TRANSILVANIEI
Adina-Eliza CROITORU, Florin MOLDOVAN, Carmen-Sofia DRAGOTĂ
Abstract: The Analysis of Rainfall Periods by means of The Weight Anomaly Standardized Precipitation. Case Study: Transylvanian Depression. The Weight Anomaly Standardized Precipitation (WASP) is a tool, which was developed primarily for defining and monitoring drought. It allows an analyst to determine the rarity of a drought or periods of anomalously wet event at a given time scale (temporal resolution) of interest for any rainfall station with historic data. For the case study in this paper, we have considered the WASP values for 1–month time scale. We have used the National Meteorological Administration archive database to calculate, automatically, the WASP values for 40 years (1961-2000), for twelve weather stations placed in the central part of Romania (Transylvanian Depression): Bistrita, Blaj, Cluj-Napoca, Dej, Dumbraveni, Fagaras, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Sebes, Sibiu, Targu Mures, Turda and Zalau. The main conclusions are: the dry spells are more frequent than the wet spells, but the anomalously wet events are more frequent and more intense in the analysed area than the anomalously dry events.
FENOMENUL DE SECETĂ ÎN CÂMPIA DE VEST SITUATĂ LA NORD DE MUREŞ
DRAGOTĂ Carmen, ŞERBAN Eugenia
Abstract: The Phenomenon of Drought in the West Plain – Situated at the North of the Mures River. The study of the phenomenon of drought has been made by analyzing the spells of drought, considered according to the definition given by Hellman. There have been analyzed daily precipitation data coming from 5 weather stations during the years 1961-2000. As a mean value, there can occur 56 to 79 days with drought within an year. So, as an average, the phenomenon of drought represents about two months a year. The monthly analysis of the droughty days number shows the presence of an autumn drought and a spring or winter drought, the autumn one being much more intense.
SISTEME DE CRISTALIZARE NATURALĂ, MECANISM AL FORMĂRII PLOILOR ACIDE
Filip VANC
Abstract: Systems of Natural Crystallization, the Mechanism of Forming the Acid Rains. Compared to other sciences, crystallography is a science of technical work operation. There is the pollution of the environment with compounds which combine themselves in atmosphere, because of the polluted emissions of anthropic origin. They give birth to very polluted chemical compounds which by crystalographical methods can be identified at a microscopically level, explaining the “guilty” substance and the source, too. The method of crystalographical analysis represents the method of wore in domain, in the same time, because of the molecular biological knowledge, it can offer the effects upon the vegetation and animals.
ASPECTE DE GEOGRAFIE MEDICALĂ ÎN JUDEŢUL BIHOR
Elena TEODOREANU
Résumé: Aspects de géographie médicale dans le district de Bihor. On présente quelques paramètres qui donnent une idée sur la situation de la santé dans le district de Bihor: données démographiques, de morbidité et de mortalité. On discute sur les facteurs thérapeutiques des stations balneoclimatiques.
COMPONENTA PRIVITOARE LA SĂNĂTATE A PROGNOZELOR METEOROLOGICE ŞI CLIMATICE
Nicoleta IONAC, Sterie CIULACHE
Abstract: The Health Component of Weather and Climate Forecasts. The marked increase in the incidence of cataracts, skin erythematic and cancer, cardio-vascular diseases and acute or chronic respiratory infections, especially among the young and the old people, indicate that personal habits in relation to weather and climate exposure constitute the most important individual risk factor for air-environment damage. Biometeorological or bioclimatic indicators, such as UV Index, Temperature-Humidity Index, Effective Temperature, Cooling Power Index and Wind-Chill, may be important vehicles to raise public awareness of the risks of excessive exposure to extreme weather conditions, and to alert people about the need to adopt protective measures. In many countries, these environmental health indices are reported along with the weather forecast in newspapers or on TV and on the radio. Their risk values are presented either as single values or are grouped into exposure categories. A standard graphic presentation of the indices promotes consistency in their reporting on news and weather bulletins, and serves to improve people’s understanding of the weather and climate-related health concepts.
IONIZAREA AERULUI – ELEMENT FIZICO-GEOGRAFIC CU POTENŢIAL TERAPEUTIC
Liviu ENACHE, C. FILIPESCU, Simona BOTEA, Iulia BUNESCU
Résumé: L’ionisation de l’air – élément physico-géographique au potentiel thérapeutique. Le milieu environnant est caracterisé par un nombre important de paramètres spécifiques, parmi lesquels se trouve l’ionisation de l’air qui est peu étudiée et valorifiée. On présente les résultats obtenus par les déterminations de ce paramètre dans l’espace montagneux de la Roumanie, effectuées pendant les dernières années. On constate une variabilité de l’ionisation, en fonction des conditions locales.
ASPECTE ALE ÎNGHEŢULUI ÎN DEFILEUL OLTULUI TURNU ROŞU – COZIA
Andreea NĂSTASE
Résumé: Aspects du gel dans le défilé de l’Olt Turnu Rosu-Cozia. Les advections d'air froid causés d' anticyclones cantonnés au centre ou à l’ouest de l'Europe et les particularités de la surface active représentent la cause de la gelée. La plus agressive est caractéristique pour la station météorologique Cozia (1 573m). La gelée persiste 201 jours/année et ce phénomène se produit à la longueur du mois (août-juin). La gelée devient un phénomène de risque quand se produit trop tôt (le mois de septembre) ou trop tard (le mois de mai). Il surprend les cultures de la terre, c'est dangereux pour le pâturage, détermine un disconfort pour les hommes de la région.
FENOMENE CLIMATICE DE RISC DIN SEZONUL RECE IN SUBCARPAŢII IALOMIŢEI
Tiberiu-Eugen ANTOFIE
Abstract: Climatic Risk Phenomena in the Cold Season in Ialomita Subcarpathians. Risk phenomena are engendered mainly by the general atmospheric circulation, their distribution is governed by active surface features, primarily by the orographic barrier of the Carpathians, by altitude and landforms. Climatic risk phenomena in the cold season occur due to the polar and blockage circulation which bring about: waves of cold, severe freezing, very low minimum temperatures. If associated with Mediterranean cyclones we have heavy snowfalls, violent snowstorms leading to: plant damage, fallen trees, traffic disruptions, etc. The time when those phenomena occur pose a greater danger by late and early freezing, hoar, snowfalls, when cultures are at beginning or end of the vegetation period.
RISCURI CLIMATICE CU EXEMPLIFICĂRI DIN ZONA SUBCARPATICĂ A BAZINULUI DAMBOVITEI
Nicoleta PĂUNAŞ
Abstract: Climatic Risks with Exemplifications from the Subcarpathian Region of Dâmboviţa Valley. Climatic phenomena that take place in Dâmboviţa Valley, in the hillside are climatic risks when they appear in unusual periods of the year. For their global image, comparative analyses are made, each phenomenon characteristics are analyzed, as well as their extreme values, their time and space development. The main climatic phenomena that affect the economic activities and people’s lives are: freezing, hoar frosts, snow layer, hail storms, drought and pouring rain.
FENOMENE DE ÎNGHET ÎN CÂMPIA TÂRGOVIŞTEI
Amalia CHIORNIŢĂ
Abstract: Frost Phenomena on the Plain of Târgoviste. On the plain of Târgoviste, due to the external climatic influences which are superposed over the relief, the average data that characterizes the frost prediction are variable in time and space. The frost is produced under the influence of temperature, humidity, the degree of coverage and air clearness. The study refers to autumn and spring frost, seasons with or without frost, frequency, the length of the frost interval. There is climatic risk when it is produced outside the normal season.
surse de poluare a mediului în ZONA Baia Mare
Lia MILOIU
Abstract: Sources of Environment Pollution in Baia Mare Town. The town of Baia Mare and its surroundings “earned” the sad reputation of being one of the most polluted Romanian or even European towns. This is particularly due to the main industrial activities, namely the mining and metallurgical industries. These activities are continuously affecting the quality of all the environmental factors. The major polluters diffused by these industries are sulphur oxides, nitrogen and ammonia dioxide, fine dust in suspension, lead, cadmium, sedimentary dust, manganese, copper, zinc, phosphates and cyanides. They often exceed the maximum admissible concentrations, especially in the sources of pollution surrounding areas. To the growth of the pollution effects also contribute the climatic factors (like the high level of atmospheric calm and the temperature inversions), which create inappropriate conditions of dispersion for the polluters. Thus they favor the growth of the concentration of noxious substances in the atmosphere.
STUDIUL CARACTERISTICILOR FIZICE ALE APEI LACURILOR DULCI DIN CÂMPIA TRANSILVANIEI
V. SOROCOVSCHI, GH. ŞERBAN, R. BĂTINAŞ , I. FODOREANU
Résumé: L’étude des caractéristiques physiques l’eau des lacs doux de la Plaine de la Transylvanie. Parmi les lacs doux de la Plaine de la Transylvanie les étangs sont représentatifs et s’imposent en tant qu’un composant important de la nature environnante, étant l’un des traits qui lui confère l’individualité géographique. Dans la plupart des cas les étangs s’associent dans des complexes lacustres situés tout au long des principaux ruisseaux et plus rarement sous forme solitaire. Les caractéristiques physiques de l’eau des lacs doux sont déterminés par une multitude de facteurs parmi lesquels les particularités du substrat des dépressions lacustres et des bassins de réception (contenu élevé en sulfates et chlorures) et les conditions climatiques ont un rôle déterminant. A tout cela s’ajoutent la manière d’organisation et les paramètres morphométriques et hydriques des unités lacustres. L’étude des caractéristiques physiquesde l’eau des étangs a été élaborée ayant à la base l’arrangement systématique et l’interprétation des résultats obtenus de l’analyse des preuves prélevées des plus représentatives unités lacustres à l’occasion des campagnes organisées à la fin des saisons hivernal et estival.
POTENŢIALUL SCURGERII MEDII A RÂURILOR
DIN BAZINUL CRIŞULUI NEGRU
Mircea ALEXE
Abstract: The Potential of the Medium Flow of Rivers Belonging to the Crişul Negru Basin. In the attempt to describe the water resources part from a hydrographical basin, the medium flow represents the most general index. The estimation of rivers flow potential, determined on different height intervals, gives the opportunity to use the data in theoretical as well as social-economic purposes. For the examined area, the data that were used came from the investigations performed in 13 representative hydrometric stations and outpost during a 20-year period (1981-2000). The low area from the Crişul Negru basin characterised by a reduced medium flow while the areas of hills and mountain slopes have an increased flow potential.
VARIAŢIA DEBITELOR MEDII LUNARE ŞI ANUALE PE CRIŞURI ŞI BARCĂU
Petru-Ioan ROMAN
Abstract: The Average Monthly and Yearly Runoff Variation of Crişuri and Barcău. The paper presents preliminary investigation of liquid runoff variation of Crişuri and Barcău. Majority hydrological data has a continuous observation from 1950 to 2003 year. All the thirteen hydrological observing are placed on lower, middle and upper reach of Crişuri and Barcău. The monthly hydrological data for the period between 1950 and 1967 was select from „Romanian Rivers – Hydrological Monography” (1971, p. 512-530) and from Romanian Water Administration – Crişuri Water Department archive’s from 1968 to 2003. The best yearly flow matrix correlation is for the middle and lower reach of Crişuri and Barcău. It was proved that the bigger yearly flows are divided into various periods and the smallest yearly values don’t exceed one year and they don’t have periodicity. It was analysed the variation of the middle monthly, seasonal and yearly liquid runoff and the percentage of seasonal runoff variation.
INFLUENŢA AMENAJĂRII HIDROTEHNICE DIN BAZINUL SUPERIOR AL SOMEŞULUI MIC ASUPRA UNOR COMPONENTE ALE SCURGERII LICHIDE ÎN BIEFUL AVAL
Gheorghe ŞERBAN
Abstract: The Influence of the Hydrotechnical Arrangement of Someşul Mic Upper Basin over some Components of the Fluid Flow on Downstream. The hydrotechnical arrangement of Someşul Mic upper basin get to a substantial modification of the hydrological and morphological parameters downstream of the barrages and water catch. The most important change is in fluid flow, which is regularized. Regarding the medium flow in annual profile, there was a postponement for the richer flow towards the summer season, the period of low waters, practicality disappeared. The maximal flow was totally modified, due to the special capacities of accumulation; the flash flood from the mountain’s area was canceled. Compared to the former period of arrangement, the maximum debit of the flash flood has medium and high values, which goes to a lower overflow in Somesul Mic Corridor after the river is getting down from the mountain area. Regarding the multiannual profile, we can speak of a big discrepancy between the normal flows and the retrace flows, mostly on the Somesul Rece flow which is controlled by catches and derivations, but also on downstream from the barrage, on the main courses.
VULNERABILITATEA APELOR SUBTERANE DIN SPAŢIUL SUBCARPATIC DINTRE DÂMBOVIŢA ŞI PRAHOVA
Ovidiu MURĂRESCU, Alexandru ISTRATE, Mădălina CHIŢESCU
Abstract: The Vulnerability of Underground Water Resources from the Subcarpathians of Ialomiţa. The vulnerability degree of underground water resources in the Subcarpathians of Ialomiţa, where several hydrostructures could be delimited, depends on the geo-structural composition and on the shape (boundary) conditions specific to every one of these hydrostructures. These conditions determine a hydrostructural vulnerability degree owed to disturbing factors. Thus we can separate:
- hydrostructures with a high vulnerability degree, within which the shallow water resources of the Superior Holocen from along the hydrographic network are included;
- hydrostructures with a medium vulnerability degree; these include the medium deep water resources belonging to the Medium and Superior Pleistocen that can be found in the contact areas between the Subcarpathians of Ialomiţa and the plain in the south, as well as within this plain;
- hydrostructures with a low vulnerability degree, where the deep water resources are included.
The factors which determine the different vulnerability degree depend to a large extent, on the shape (boundary) conditions of each hydrostructure. In order to reduce the vulnerability degree of underground waters these should be monitored in two directions:
- continual observation of shape (boundary) conditions;
- continual observation of these resources of water in order to determine its reaction to the modification of its shape (boundary) conditions.
The first category of monitoring is relatively well done, through systematic measurements of the environment factors and of the hydrographical regime of waters surface. However these hydrological measurements should be extended to the level of the secondary network, especially in the case of polluted water resources.
SUR LA QUESTION DES DÉCHETS DANS LA VILLE D’ORADEA
Ribana LINC
Abstract: Aspects Concerning Waste In Oradea. The industrial, agricultural, demographic and urban explosion are a major source of different types of waste, which, in return, represent an important pollution source for the environment. But let`s not forget that an accurate management can change them in a source of raw material for many departments of the national economy and create employment at the same time. As the city of Oradea is concerned, it has a lot of problems with waste, but it`s worth mentioning the fact that a lot of effort is involved in building a county ecological waste damp and, at the same time efforts have been made for the implementation of the waste pre-selecting strategy at the „door” of each citizen of the town.
PHYSICO-GEOGRAPHICAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES IN TÂRGOVIŞTE PLAIN
Mihaela SENCOVICI
Rezumat: Favorabilităţi şi defavorabilităţi fizico-geografice în Câmpia Târgoviştei. Situată la contactul a trei unităţi fizico-geografice majore (subcarpaţi, podiş, câmpie), această unitate a putut beneficia de resursele naturale şi umane oferite de cele trei unităţi fizico-geografice, ca şi de prezenţa râurilor Ialomiţa şi Dâmboviţa. Economia a oferit variate posibilităţi de trai, fapt ce explică existenţa a numeroase sate vechi, fie pe interfluviu cuprins între Dâmboviţa şi Ialomiţa, fie la contactul cu unităţile vecine (Dealurile Subcarpatice la nord, Pintenul Măgurii la est şi Piemontul Cândeşti la vest). În procesul de dezvoltare şi de evoluţie al acestei unităţi fizico-geografice sunt implicate mai multe condiţii grupate în: condiţii generale, condiţii favorabile, condiţii restrictive şi condiţii de presiune. În urma analizei condiţiilor favorabile în antiteză cu condiţiile restrictive şi de presiune în apariţia, evoluţia şi dezvoltarea aşezărilor umane, s-a ajuns la concluzia unui grad ridicat de favorabilitate folosit cu discernământ de populaţia acestor locuri.
CALIFICAREA PRIN DESCRIERE A PEISAJULUI ÎNTRE INTENŢIE ŞI PRICEPERE. STUDIU DE CAZ – POPULAŢIA SATELOR DE LA CONTACTUL DINTRE DEALURILE TĂŞADULUI ŞI MUNŢII PĂDUREA CRAIULUI
Iulian DINCĂ
Résumé: La qualification du paysage par description entre intention et habilité. Étude de cas – la population des villages du contact entre Les Collines de Tăşad et Les Monts Pădurea Craiului. Résultat du travail de recherche combiné entre géographie et sociologie, cet étude s'efforce de mettre en évidence l'antagonisme entre la réalité paysagère qui appartient à un éspace d'interférence colline-montagne de baisse altitude et la perception du paysage (des paysages) apartenant aux habitants-sujets de quatre villages. On commence de la trouvaille des facettes sous lesquelles se présente le paysage (les paysages) en s'intéressant d'attraction ou de son (leurs) caractère (s) de nonspectaculaire. Par l'entremise d'attractivité la beauté du paysage est reflétée beaucoup plus proche de la réalité par les opinions de ceux qui sont jeunes adultes (19-45 ans) où on peut découvrir quatre modèles de caractéristiques qui appartient à la diversité (majoritaire en proportion de 52 %), exotisme, attachement et sans opinion. Les autres catégories d'âge s'approchent de trois types de catégories, seulement le groupe d'âge sous ou égal de 18 ans en décelant seulement deux catégories antérieures évoquées. Au niveau de traitement des villages le même critère du spectaculaire du paysage montre une polarisation au sens d'une meilleure découverte des caractéristiques du paysage et en particulier le paysage de ceux qui émettent opinions dans les villages Bucuroaia et Poiana Tăşad (pourcentages entre 40-70, conséquence de la connaissance du mode d'expression architecturale et de l'harmonie paysagère), en compensation les émetteurs des opinions qui habitent dans les villages Şerghiş et Surduc s'orientent vers une variété de qualification du spectaculaire du paysage à cause d'une facile mobilité. La qualification par repoussant des paysages se produit seulement pour un pourcentage en valeur entre 31-50 de toutes les opinions, les adultes en s'orientant vers des formules qui montrent les aspects de pollution, le mise en place des processus de dénudation, la distinction des conséquences de l'exploitation des ressources d'environnement ou en montrant une expresion négative au point de vue esthètique. En dépit d'un niveau cultural-estètique limité, les émetteurs des opinions prouvent une encourageante jonction au mode d'une conscience sérieuse aux valeurs paysagères locales et d'autres lieux.
REALIZĂRILE ŞI DIFICULTĂŢILE ACTUALE ALE AMENAJĂRII ECOLOGICE A TERITORIULUI ÎN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA
Petru BACAL
Abstract: The Present Realisations and Difficulties of the Ecological Arrangement to the Territory of Republic of Moldova. The ecological arrangement to the territory of Republic of Moldova is reflected in ecologic norms, particularly those igienic, sanitary and landscape planning in valid ecologic legislation. Most important legislative stipulations in this domain aim to: territory attributions at the land improvement, nature protection, setting up the protection zones to the water way and water reserves, complex objectives from protected areas fond, sistematizations and the evidence of protected areas, isolation of the atmosphere pollution sources, creation of the green spaces of the most polluted areas. Reduced efficiency of the ecological arrangement, most actual in areas managed by local administrations, especially in rural areas.
ELEMENTE DE UNITATE ŞI ALTERITATE ÎN SPAŢIUL GEOGRAFIC ROMÂNESC (I)
Nicolae POPA
Résumé: Eléments d'unité et d'altérité dans l'espace géographique roumain (i). La position géographique de la Roumanie, ses structures naturelles, démographiques, économiques et politiques constituées dans l'histoire, confèrent á ce pays une place bien définie daus l'espace sud-oriental de l'Europe centrale, l'espace carpato-danubien et pontique. Situé en marges de plusieurs empires, l'espace roumain a évolué, longtemps en des territoires disparates, mais tous appuyés sur les Carpates. Au moment où la logique de l'organisation impériale de l'Europe a été remplacée par l'affirmation du principe des nationalités, les territories roumains disparates ont pu se réunir et essayer de constituer des structures unitaires sur l'espace roumain entier. Ces dernières années, d'autres principes sont en train d'éclosion, ceux du régionalisme et des droits des minorités nationales, appuyés sur le processus de mondialisation de l'économie, qui serait empêché par l'organisation nationale des Etats. L'article présent essaie de mettre en évidence l'articulation de l'unité et des altérités de l'espace roumain, en un complexe géopolitique dont la viabilité réside dans sa capacité de se doter d'un marché unitaire et performant, capable de circuler toutes les valeurs de l'espace national et de s'intégrer, entièrement dans les structures européennes de type occidental.
PREMISELE DEMOGRAFICE ALE CONSTITUIRII SISTEMULUI REGIONAL ÎN ŢARA MOŢILOR
C.N.BOŢAN, A. MAIER
Abstract: The Demographic Premises of Setting up the Regional System of the Moţilor Land. The Moţilor Land constitutes itself in a geographic entity included in the category of the Romanian „lands”. At the basis of its individualizing are both the common attributes of the other „lands” (its appearance in the mountainous space or in the mountain proximity; a population constituted almost exclusively out of Romanians; a bulwark of national identity preservation and of the Orthodox religion etc.) and of its specific attributes (the uniqueness of its name; its appearance in the mountains; the absence of an obvious depression space; its functional bipolarity etc.). One of its most important features is the major impact of the human community in originating the regional system. From a qualitative perspective, the role of the demographic component is expressed by means of the peoples' origin, that of the „moţi”, their behavior and their mentality. In addition to these qualitative aspects, the quantitative ones are expressed in the number of population, characterized by an ascendant trend up to the 1990's.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OCCUPIED/WORKING POPULATION AND UNEMPLOYED WORKERS, DURING THE PERIOD OF 1989-2002
Mădălina-Teodora ANDREI
Rezumat: Relaţia între populaţia ocupată/activă şi populaţia şomeră în perioada 1989-2002. O trăsătură specifică a societăţii româneşti actuale o reprezintă piaţa muncii. Procesul de restructurare şi de transformare a economiei care a început în toate ţările Europei Centrale şi de Est, a impus adoptarea unui nou model al pieţei muncii. O dată cu demararea reformei politice, ideologice şi economice, modelul centralizat-planificat a devenit depăşit, fiind înlocuit de un model nou, caracterizat prin liberalizarea pieţei muncii şi creşterea numărului de angajaţi în sectorul privat, precum şi prin extinderea funcţiilor de reglare ale statului. Prăbuşirea activităţii economice, mai ales în primii ani ai tranziţiei, a marcat profund piaţa muncii din România. Populaţia activă ocupată a scăzut, ca urmare a declinului producţiei, iar şomajul a crescut. Ratele cele mai ridicate ale şomajului sunt vizibile, cu precădere, în regiunile supuse procesului de industrializare forţată, precum Moldova, Oltenia şi nordul Transilvaniei. În prezent, sectorul privat cuprinde aproape 50% din forţa de muncă, dar multe întreprinderi de stat menţin încă un număr supradimensionat de salariaţi. Structura populaţiei active a cunoscut schimbări semnificative şi după un model uşor diferit de cel al altor ţări din Europa Centrală şi de Est. Astfel, ca urmare a legii fondului funciar şi a reîmpropietăririi, populaţia ocupată a crescut în sectorul primar, iar numărul producătorilor agricoli individuali, de asemenea. Agricultura a reprezentat, în plus, o supapă pentru cei rămaşi fără slujbă în alte sectoare de activitate şi, îndeosebi, în cel secundar. Spre deosebire de alte ţări aflate în tranziţie, creşterea ponderii forţei de muncă în sectorul terţiar nu a fost atât de spectaculoasă, în ciuda creşterilor înregistrate în anumite domenii, precum: finanţe, asigurări, bănci, afaceri imobiliare, etc. Este de presupus, însă, că România va cunoaşte o evoluţie asemănătoare celorlalte ţări ale Europei de Est şi Centrale, o dată cu continuarea procesului de reformă.
INDICATORII BILANŢULUI VITAL AL POPULAŢIEI DIN SUBCARPAŢII CUPRINŞI ÎNTRE VĂILE DÂMBOVIŢA ŞI IALOMIŢA
Carmen ANTOHE
Abstract: Population Vital Balance Indicators of the Subcarpathians between Dâmboviţa and Ialomiţa Valleys. Population vital balance indicators are represented by the demographic aging index and vitality index. These indicators refer to the population capacity to deal with some diseases and to her regeneration strength. To know their evolution is also important because the specialists are given the possibility to elaborate prognoses and programmes regarding population numerical evolution and structure by age groups. In the last ten years, the demographic aging of the Dambovita county population, as well as the vitality index diminution, is similar with Romania’s situation. This leads to an increasing proportion of the third group population, which is the most affected by various diseases.
EVOLUŢIA SPAŢIALĂ A VETRELOR DE SAT DIN CÂMPIA CRIŞURILOR
Marcu STAŞAC
Abstract: The Spatial Evolution of the Hearths of Villages in Crisurilor Plain. The rural space of Câmpia Crişurilor did not constitute a restrictive factor in what concerns the placement and organization of the village hearths, but on the contrary, by the very configuration of it, it has favored the development of the gathered village hearths. Under the impulse of ethnical nature factors, as well as economic, the great majority of these hearths were subject to systematization, getting them closer and closer to almost perfect geometrical forms. The evolution process of the village hearths has occurred from the beginning on the background of the permanent tendency of the inhabitants of acquiring and extending the surfaces of agricultural land as a result of the clearings and fallowings, etc. and further on, having in mind the economizing of the agricultural space, the population was obliged to concentrate the lodgings, contributing to the formation of those settlements with grouped hearths. Gradually the non-ordered (non-regular) form that characterized the hearths of the villages in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries was to be replaced towards the end of the XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century by an ordered, (geometrical) one.
This type of organization of the hearths was effected under the impulse of increasing the number of inhabitants in the region, but moreover of their colonization with population, either Hungarian, or German, or Slovak, thus imprinting a new physiognomy.
ARII ŞI CENTRE POLARIZATOARE ÎN DEPRESIUNILE GIURGEU ŞI CIUC
Vasile MARA
Abstract: Centers and Areas of Polarization in the Depressions Giurgeu-Ciuc. Sustaining the concept of Vintilă Mihăilescu which states that the relief influences the economy of a region, I consider that the researched region, the Depressions Giurgeu-Ciuc, is determined mostly by morphological factors. In the system of the towns we can identify two subsystems with intense relations between them: the town itself, and the influence area of the town. The intensity of the shifts in the town system exceeds by far the ones that take place in other geographical systems, rural or natural. The delimitation of the influence areas that were made on the research map allowed us to define the urban areas of the geographical system Giurgeu-Ciuc, meaning the regions that, being located around the towns of Topliţa, Gheorgheni, Miercurea Ciuc and Băile Tuşnad, are living in a symbiotic harmony with them.
FORME DE EVOLUŢIE ŞI POPULARE A AŞEZĂRILOR DIN CÂMPIA TÂRGOVIŞTEI
Gica PEHOIU
Abstract: Forms of Evolution and Inhabitance in the Settlements from the Plain of Târgovişte. Being situated at a low, accessible altitude level, the Plain of Targoviste, as a whole, represents a geographical unit favorable to the early apparition of a dense network of human settlements. The advantages offered by natural factors, social and historical events, economic activity, especially the productive activity, can be considered to have constituted and to represent a primordial factor in the spreading of rural settlements. Ancient plain rural settlements have generated new settlements through processes of settlement expansion, the first acquiring a character of matrix – or mother-village. The villages resulting from rural agricultural settlements expansion spread in a chain along the valleys and form alignments of settlements alongside with the main settlements. Significant examples of villages formed like this are the settlements that can be found around the villages of Lucieni, Salcioara, Vacaresti, Produlesti, Dragodana. Sometimes the new settlement keeps the same denomination or the same word-root (Dragodanesti – Dragodana). Some settlements can be found nearby the “mother” villages, others are found further away (Cuza-Voda – Salcioara, Ghinesti – Produlesti), and these being include within the pastoral expansion settlements along Dambovita valley. The phenomenon of pastoral expansion settlements had a special significance in the complex process of apparition, localization and development of certain rural settlements in this area. Nowadays we continue to preserve the denominations which marked the phenomena of migration of the people from Ungureni, who came from the northern side of the Meridional Carpathians towards the lower southern region or even further into the contact area between hills and plains. The people from Ungureni settled either near the old villages of the local inhabitants, at the outskirts of the rural settlement, doubling it, forming “twin” settlements (Dragaesti-Ungureni, in Manesti, or those from Lucieni: Lucieni, Ungureni and Pamanteni), or gradually became part of the already existing villages, becoming, as time went by, the majority population. We consider relevant the confirmation concerning the apparition of the so-called “royal villages” at the moment of the apparition of the town of Targoviste as an urban center; these settlements had a special status, being considered “royal areas”(for instance the nowadays localities: Valea Voievozilor, Razvad, Aninoasa, Sateni, Viforata).
UNELE ASPECTE PRIVIND APARIŢIA ŞI EVOLUŢIA AŞEZĂRILOR DIN DEPRESIUNEA ORADEA-BRATCA
Claudiu FILIMON
Abstract: Some Aspects regarding the Appearing and Evolution of Settlements in Oradea-Bratca Depression. The process of appearing and evolution of settlements in Oradea-Bratca Depression is the result of cooperation between natural and antropic factors. This process had a long evolution starting from ancient timestill now. A large number of settlements dated since the 13th and 14th centuries, last settlement appeared being from the 20th century.
REPERE SOCIO – ECONOMICE ÎN ORAŞUL ORADEA
Aurelia Florina DUMITER
Résumé: Repères socio-économiques dans la ville d’Oradea. La ville d`Oradea est située au nord-ouest de la Roumanie constituant un très important centre urbain du pays. Située tout près de la frontière de l`Hongrie et étant un centre urbain dynamique, la ville d`Oradea connaît, les dernières annèes, de très importantes transformations socio-économiques. La ville d`Oradea a reçu l`attestation documentaire en 1113 et elle avait connu plusieures étapes de developpement urbain. Au long de ses étapes d`évolution la population de la ville d`Oradea avait connu des changemont en ce qui concerne son nombre et sa structure. On peut remarquer l`augmentation de la population en tout son ensemble, mais aussi la prépondérence des roumains ortodoxes. L`industrie dans la ville d`Oradea avait commencé son développement depuis la première moitié du XVIII-ème siècle. Au présent cette industrie est mise en évidence par son de moderne et complexe. Les dirrections actuelles du développement urbain de la ville d`Oradea mettent en évidence toute une série de moyens de transports et de communication de sorte qu’ils accentuent le rôle du tourisme en cette ville.
COORDONATELE MAJORE ALE STRATEGIEI DE DEZVOLTARE TURISTICĂ A JUDEŢULUI MARAMUREŞ – PUNCTE DE VEDERE
Ştefan DEZSI, Nicolae CIANGĂ
Abstract: Major Coordinates of the Touristic Development Strategy in Maramureş County – Points of View. This study has in view to identify the main opportunities of touristic development that are to be found at the level of Maramureş County, as well as to prefigure the direction of this field’s development, which points out a real potential from this point of view. Consequently, after a preliminary identification of the whole range of touristic resources that are implied or can be implied in making the attractive endowment of the analysed region, a thorough SWOT analysis is achieved, in order to establish the arrangement priorities, so that – on this basis – to be indicated the main types of tourism and the possible tourist arrangements whose practising and, respectively, achievement, would permit the plenary integration of Maramureş county in the regional, national and international touristic circuits.
THE NECESSITY OF NEW STATISTICAL REGISTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION OF TOURISTIC ACTIVITY
Olimpia BAN, Cosmina POP
Abstract: The Necessity of New Statistical Register System Implementation of Touristic Activity. Collecting the tourism statistical information raises a lot of problems that affect the conclusions, because: analyzing this dynamic activity without having any terminological standards, the complex nature of the tourism commodities, its large geographical areas expanding, its continuous evolution are only a few aspects that limit the statistical measurements. World Tourism Organization, World Travel and Tourism Council, European Statistics Unit (EUROSTAT) and other regional tourism organizations offered the solution for this problem: the Tourism Satellite Account. At the World Conference on the Measurement of the Economic Impact of Tourism, organized at Nice in 1998, WTO recommended to the member states the implementation of the Tourism Satellite Account. The main purpose of the Tourism Satellite Account is the measurement of the economic activity generated by the tourism industry, defined as the tourism commodities demand and supply. The purpose of the TSA is to measure the economic activity generated by tourism as defined, that is, the demand for commodities created by tourism and the production required to meet that demand. Analyzing the 1988 statistical data using Tourism Satellite Account in Canada, it is clear that tourism industry has a significant role in every national economy, its contribution to the GDP and employment being more important that it was believed.
PLANIFICAREA TURISTICĂ –COMPONENTĂ A PROCESULUI DE INTEGRARE EUROPEANĂ
Mirela MAZILU
Abstract: Touristic Planning - Component of the European Integration Process. The European Integration constitutes the main strategical objective of our country and it is necessary to develop strategical programmes specific to every economical domain in order to achieve it. In the spirit of coordinating the regional development initiatives with the national priorities and the European Union’s directions/orientation an attentive planning is necessary in order to preserve and intensify especially those factors that distinguish it as a touristic destination, and the durable development, through the involvement of the local community, the European Integration is taking place to all levels: national, regional and local.
IMPLEMENTARE G.I.S. ÎN MANAGEMENTUL URBAN
Liviu BUCUR
Abstract: GIS Implementation in Urban Management. This paper aims to provide a framework for the development of a urban application. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of designing and management a specific GIS application. These types of projects may be required by a small independent or part of a research project. Any methodology adopted should be adapted to meet the needs of the application, the available technology, the user of the system and organizational culture in which the GIS must reside. The key element of the methodology is right identification of the problem requirement, the design of the GIS data model, the development of an appropriate analysis schema and careful project management