Design, maintenance and update by:
Grigore HERMAN
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Year V, 1995:
PREMISELE, CONŢINUTUL ŞI SPECIFICITATEA PROCESULUI DE AFIRMARE A PARADIGMEI STRUCTURALIST – SISTEMICE ÎN GEOMORFOLOGIE
Dănuţ PETREA
Abstract: The Premises, Content and Specificity of the Systemic Structuralize Paradigm in its Asserting Process in Geomorphology. The General Systems Theory asserted itself as a real scientific paradigm and is largely used in the contemporary. This study tries to identify the most significant structuralise conceptions and the beginnings of the systemic thought which lead to the working out of the basic concepts in the General Systems Theory. The cognitive and the methodological consequences of this doctrine in the geomorphological knowledge are analysed. The most important contributions and studies of the world (Romania included) in this respect are emphasized.
RAPORTURI COLECTORI – AFLUENŢI ÎN LUNCILE DIN BAZINUL SUPERIOR AL JIJIEI
Ion Bojoi, Marcel Vârlan, Mihai Apetrei
Résumé: Les rapports collecteurs – affluents dans le bassin – versant de la rivière de Jijia. Les basins hydrographiques, en tant que systèmes ouverts, peuvent être analyses selon leur ordre de grandeur, ce qui montre des aspects importants au sujet de leur genèse et de leur évolution. Les zones les plus dynamiques des basins hiérarchiques, les rivières peuvent être soit collecteurs soit affluents. Ainsi, elles se contrôlent réciproquement, ce qui fait que la prédominance de l`aggradations apparaît en tant que réflexe des rapports entre affluents et collecteurs a un moment donne. Dans l`analyse des paramètres morphométriques du lit dans le basin de Jijia, une attention particulière a été accorde aux aspects suivants: la valeur de l`angle de confluence et la sinuosité de l`axe du lit des affluents par rapports des rivières collectrices. La répartitions en fonction de l`ordre de grandeurs des secteurs est la suivantes: premier ordre 11,7%, II- e ordre 61,8%, III- e ordre 20,4%, IV- e ordre 4,5%, V- e ordre 0,4%, VI- e ordre 0,75%, VII- e ordre 0,4%. Pour les secteurs collecteurs, on constante la répartitions suivante: II- e ordre 22,3%, III- e ordre 34,6%, IV- e ordre 19%, V- e ordre 4,7%, VI- e ordre 19%, VII- e ordre 0,9%. La fluctuation d`affluent est prédominante, au niveau des ordres I et II, tandis que la fonction de collecteurs domines aux niveaux supérieurs a III. Les angles de confluence sont des éléments hérites de l`étape d`apparition du réseau hydrographique, les modifications, ultérieures n`ont efface cet héritage que dans le cas du remaniement par captation. A l`aide des angles de confluences et de „l`adaptation”, nous pouvons démontrer que les secteurs de lit majeur sont des systèmes ouverts, réglables par le biais de mécanismes d`interaction et de rétroaction adaptative et dissipatives, a l`intérieur desquels nous pouvons faire des distinctions suivant les confluences successives et les ordres des grandeurs.
CARACTERISTICILE MORFOLOGICE ALE VĂILOR DIN VESTUL MUNŢILOR APUSENI
Nicolae JOSAN
Abstract: The characteristics of the rivers valleys from the west of Apuseni Mountains. The rivers valleys from the vest of the Apuseni Mountains have a series of similar morphometrically and morphographically specific features. These features are of the same type, in the same climatic condition and under the command of the same fundamental level, representing by the Pannonnian Sea and later of Tisa. The commune specific features of these valleys are: their asymmetry, the same number of terraces, the existence of a few marrows sectors to traversing a few geological harder formations (magmata, metamorphic and sedimentary), the wide opening – under the form of a few “creeks” – to Banat – Crişana Plain, the existing a few active area of subsidence, the development a small colligate a depressions on the principals valley of tributaries.
PROBLEMATICA FENOMENELOR DE PRAG ÎN GEOMORFOLOGIE. ANALIZĂ RETROSPECTIVĂ
Dănuţ PETREA
Abstract: Threshold Phenomena in Geomorphology – historical analyses. This article could be defined as a historical analysis of the ways in which the evolutionary geomorphological processes were approached related to the relevant scientific background in different periods. Beginning with the concepts based on harmony and uniformitarism in evolution the article also specifies the dominant ideas of the dynamic geomorphology among which we distinguish dynamic equilibrium theory and threshold theory. The most representatives contributions to the geomorphological threshold study are emphasized (R. Brunet, S.A. Schumm et al.) as well as the most recent researches over the concept made by the foreign and Romanians geomorphologists.
TIPOLOGIA FENOMENELOR GEOGRAFICE DE RISC
Mircea VOICULESCU
Résumé: La typologie des phénomènes géographiques de risque. Le phénomène géographique de risque s`impose comme une notion complexe par rapport à la notion de catastrophe, cataclysme ou hasard. La connaissance et la compréhension des phénomènes géographiques des risques, présentent aujourd’hui une grande importance, d’autant plus que l’homme, les espaces urbaines et diverses activités économiques sont soumises aux influences néfastes de facteurs naturels. En même temps l`homme, lui-même, par ses activités industrielles, technologiques, détermine des processus négatifs, parfois irréversibles sur les composantes naturelles. En ce qui concerne la typologie des phénomènes géographiques de risque, on a tenu compte de quelques éléments: la cause, les caractéristiques, les types de manifestations, l`effet direct ou indirect sur l`homme, la soudaineté du phénomène le degré de vulnérabilité de l`homme, la pérennité d`effet et la surface affecte. On observe que la plupart des phénomènes géographiques de risque a une origine anthropique.
PRINCIPII DE ACŢIUNE ÎN DEZVOLTAREA DURABILĂ
Ioan IANOŞ
Abstract: Action principles of the sustainable development. The paper is stressing the conceptual significance of sustainable development, as will as its controversial meanings. The basic principles taken into account when the sustainable development is considered are: equity between generations, social justice and trans–borders responsibility. At local and regional level, the sustainable development must be guided by: option for final and partial objectives; conservation of variety; tracing out the amplification points; selective keeping up of constraints, in the intervention by differentiation, acceptance of aggressions, observing the response time, efficient use of command energy. These principles, if are respected, could assure the sustainable development of any territorial system.
CONSIDERAŢII ASUPRA CONCEPTULUI DE SISTEM GEOMORFOLOGIC ŞI TRĂSĂTURILE DEFINITORII ALE ACESTUIA
Rodica Petrea, Dănuţ Petrea
Abstract: The Geomorphologic System Concept and its essential features. The System as a concept represents the basis of the conceptual and methodological reinforcement process in the contemporary geomorphology. Taking into account its deep implications we considered important to work out a more precise definition of the concept. Our effort was meant to distinguish between terms of system and that of structure which we thought ambiguous and we to underline some features less approached up to now such as sensitivity towards threshold phenomena, the synergetic a properties, finality and so on.
HAZARDELE GEOMORFOLOGICE ÎN REGIUNILE DE EXPLOATARE A LIGNITULUI DIN NORDUL OLTENIE. STUDIUL DE CAZ ÎN CÂMPUL MINIER OLTEŢ
Adrian Cioacă, Mihaela Dinu
Abstract: Geomorphologic hazards in the lignite mining relief in the north of Oltenia. Case study of mining zone of Olteţ. The paper is about the new landscape born by digging works and dumping from the exploitation of lignite in the Oltenia area. Lignite mining began in the interwar period and covers 75 km². The main aspect of the newly built landscape is the inversion of the relief, as digging are situated in the hills of Southern Carpathians while dumping in the lower terraces of Olteţ river. The modelling processes of region have a diversity and intensity of natural modelling and the present–day geomorphological hazards. The top of the hazard is localized in the slope of Sub Carpathians. To sum up, the newly – built relief’s of Oltenia are high by geomorphological hazards areas.
RELIEFUL - SUPORT AL DEZVOLTĂRII ORAŞULUI ŞTEI
Rodica Petrea, Dănuţ Petrea
Résumé: Le relief - support du développement de la ville de Ştei. Le site de la ville de Ştei c`est trouve à la confluence de Crişul Negru et Crişul Băiţa. L`espace bâti s`étend sur la terrasse inférieure et la plaine alluviale. Les talus des terrasses (pentes > 10º) ont constitue des contraintes au nord et au sud. L`espace résidentiel est limité à l`est par une zone industrielle et à l`ouest par la plaine inondable.
CARTOGRAPHIE DE L’EROSION HYDRIQUE A 1/25000 DANS UN MILIEU RURAL VITICOLE AVEC L’ASSISTANCE D’UN S.I.G. L’EXEMPLE DU VIGNOBLE CHAMPENOIS (FRANCE)
Alain Marre
Résumé: Cartographie de l’érosion hydrique a 1/25000 dans un milieu rural viticole avec l’assistance d’un S.I.G. L’exemple du vignoble champenois (France). Afin de mieux gérer les modalités culturales et de limiter les conséquences de l`érosion hydrique, il a été décide de faire, dans le vignoble champenois, une cartographie de l`aléa „érosion hydrique”. Eu égard à l`extension du vignoble, on a du faire, on a mis au point une méthode mettant en parallèle le lève traditionnel de terrain et l`utilisation d`un SIG afin d`obtenir une carte le plus fiable possible.
STRESUL BIOCLIMATIC CUTANAT PE VERSANTUL VESTIC AL MUNŢILOR APUSENI
Gheorghe Măhăra
Résumé: Le stress bioclimatique cutané dans le versant de l’Ouest des Monts Apuseni. L`ouvrage établie la valeur du stress bioclimatique cutané par mois et annuel dans les versants étiques des Monts Apuseni utilisant les données des stations météorologiques de: Cluj Napoca, Turda, Băişoara, Vlădeasa Vârf, pour les heures 1ºº et 13ºº. De l`analyse de ces données résulte l’accroissement du caractère stressant des mois au fur et a mesure que l`altitude augmente. On constante aussi que les indices annuels du stress bioclimatique cutané des bases de l’est des Monts Apuseni ont des valeurs plus petites que celle de la partie l’ouest des montagnes a cause du caractère d`abri et de la présence du phénomène de fœhn de l`est des montagnes.
TURBULENCE – A HAZARDOUS FACTOR FOR AIRCRAFT FLIGHT
Sterie Ciulache, Ştefan Gheorghe
Résumé: La turbulence atmosphérique - un risqué pour la navigation aérienne. Les activités aéronautiques sont influences par les conditions météorologiques. L`étude des types de situations synoptiques qui produisent la turbulence atmosphérique. Les recherches théoriques regardant les paramètres de la zone turbulente constituent une base d`apprécie des techniques spécifiques de pilotage. On apprécie l`influence du relief de la Roumanie sur cet effet météorologique.
TENDINŢA DE EVOLUŢIE ŞI PROBABILITATEA DE PRODUCERE A ÎNGHEŢULUI ÎN CÂMPIA CRIŞURILOR
Carmen Dragotă
Abstract: The tendency of evolution and probability of freezing phenomena in Crişurilor Plain. This study synthesizes the statistical results about the freezing phenomena in the air (h=2m) using as a database the moment when the temperature passes over 0ºC. The study try to have in view the variability in time and space of the parameters related to the freezing (last day, first day, the period without freezing) comparable with the multi-annual average, the tendency of evolution and the probability of occurring.
HAZARDELE CLIMATICE ŞI CONSECINŢELE LOR ASUPRA MEDIULUI ŞI SOCIETĂŢII
Octavia Bogdan
Résumé: Les hasards climatiques et leurs conséquences sur l`environnement et sur la société. Les hasards climatiques qu`on trouve dans la littérature de spécialité sons diverses dénomination (phénomènes climatiques de risque, phénomènes climatiques extrême, catastrophes, désastres ou calamités climatiques etc) constituent une problème mondiale prioritaire à la fin du XX-e siècle. Elles sont le résultat des grandes variations non-périodiques du climat qui se présente avec un rythme violent, en provoquant de désastres humains et écologiques impressionnants. Par les exemples donnés, on souligne dans l`ouvrage, l`impact de hasards climatiques sur le milieu environnant et sur la société.
THERMAL PECULIARITIES IN ROMANIA
Elena Niculescu
Rezumat: Singularităţi termice în România. Variaţiile mari neperiodice ale fenomenelor şi proceselor climatice se înscriu ca „singularităţi” într-o perioadă de timp dată, cu implicaţii multiple în schimburile globale ale mediului. Se analizează, cantitativ şi spaţial, singularităţile negative (ianuarie, 1942) şi pozitive (august 1946), cele mai ample din ultimul secol din România.
FRACŢIUNI PROBABILISTICE DE TIMP ÎN CARE TEMPERATURA EXTERIOARĂ POATE DEPĂŞI ANUMITE PRAGURI ÎN ZONA DE AMPLASAMENT A CENTRALEI NUCLEARE CERNAVODĂ
Ana Popovici, Carmen Dragotă
Résumé: Fractions probabilisable de temps ou la température extérieure peut dépasser certains seuils dans la zone d`emplacement de la centrale nucléaire de Cernavodă. Pour prendre des mesures techniques dans l`activité de projeter des objectifs d`intérêt majeur, il est obligatoire de connaître les conditions climatiques de remplacement. Dans le cas de la centrale de Cernavodă, nous avons réalisé une étude climatique préliminaire et au fur et au mesure de la réalisation de l`objective, les données météorologiques ont été complétées avec de nouvelles informations.
LE DEFILE DU DANUBE AUX PORTES DE FER. CARACTERISATION TOPOCLIMATIQUE
Gheorghe NEAMU
Abstract: The Iron Gates of the Danube river. Topolimatic features. The building of the dam on the Danube, at the Iron Gates, on the border between Romania and Yugoslavia leaded to the formation of the biggest artificial lake in the area, with a length of 104 km and a medium depth, at the dam of 33 m. The appearance of this huge amount of water in the area gave us the idea of doing top climatic measurements on the Romanian side. This was done with ordinary thermometers and psychrometers, in the hours of maximal heating, in different conditions of time and on different active surfaces. The defile of the Danube consists of broad and narrow spaces thus creating small areas with various topoclimates. The narrow spaces create “small defiles” and the broad ones create “flat pools”. Through direct measurements we determined tow different types of climate and some complex topoclimates.
APELE MINERALE DIN BAZINUL HIDROGRAFIC AL PRAHOVEI
Constanţa Trufaş
Abstract: Mineral waters from the Prahova river hydrographic basin. The mineral waters from Prahova river catchments have an uneven repartition being located mainly in Sub Carpathian area in sedimentary formations. In most cases we have vadose origin but also deposit waters can be found or the mixture of the two kinds. The commercial composition of these waters are related to the chemical composition of geological horizons which they pass through, to the tectonics and structure of the region and to the depth and intensity of water changing’s.
ARGILUVISOLURILE DIN JUDEŢUL HUNEDOARA. CONSIDERAŢII PEDOGEOGRAFICE
Marcel Oncu
Abstract: Argyle soils in the Hunedoara Country – pedo-gedographical considerations. The classes of argyle soils, soils that are widely spread in the Hunedoara County, are present in the most of the soil cover of the depression and hilly areas. The following types represent them: argyle brown soil, luvic brown soil and albic luvisoils. Out of the three types the largest surfaces are occupied by the luvic brown soils.
PROBELME GEODEMOGRAFICE ÎN BAZINUL VĂII ROŞIA
Florian Benţe, Claudia Frenţ
Résumé: Problèmes géodémographiques dans le bassin de la Vallée de Roşia. Le bassin de la Vallée de Roşia est situé au nord-ouest de la Dépression de Beiuş, l`artère hydrographique principale ayant une vallée large accompagnée par des terrasses. Ancien habitat, la région n`a pas connu des changements importants pendant le dernier siècle en ce qui concerne le nombre d`habitants qui se maintient approximativement dans les mêmes limites. Au contraire, on constante une tendance générale de vieillissement de la population, conséquence de la diminution de l`excèdent naturel, pendant les dernières décennies. Dans la zone sous- montagneuse, les habitats ruraux sont disperses, mais dans les vallées larges prédominent les habitats plus compacts avec un réseau des rues ordonnées. Pour le développement prochain de la région, il faut tenir compte des conditions du cadre naturel pour trouver les modalités d`assurance la stabilité de la population.
EVOLUŢII ÎN ORGANIZAREA ADMINISTRATIV – TERITORIALĂ A CRIŞANEI ŞI MARAMUREŞULUI
Alexandru Ilieş
Résumé: Evolutions dans l’organisation administrative-territoriale de Crişana et Maramureş. Dans l`analyse des structures géodémographiques d`une région, l`organisation administrative territoire joue un rôle importante. Au long du temps, les territoires de Crişana et Maramureş ont été soumis aux modifications politico – administrative importantes. Aussi, les unites administratives constituient la base de deroulement de l`activité électorale.
DIFERENŢIERI GEOGRAFICE ALE REŢELEI RESURSE-INDUSTRIE PE TERITORIUL ROMÂNIEI
Gheorghe Iacob, Ioan Ianoş
Abstract: Geographical differences of the relation between industry and resources on the Romanian territory. Although from the spatial point of view the relationship between resources and industrial activities has been realised from the functional standpoint this is still important. Five types of industrial centres have been distinguished according to their dependence on local, regional or other resources:
1) industrial centres totally dependent on local resources are specialized mainly in wood processing mining and food industry;
2) partially dependent on local resources are middle or small centres, either urban or rural spatially dispersed across the country;
3) the total dependence on regional resources is particular to a wide range of industrial centres located in the hilly and mountainous areas;
4) industrial centres partially dependent on the regional resources have a diversified sectorial structure, being small o medium – sized demographically;
5) the dependence on various types of resources, mainly imported, characterizes the big towns or those strictly specialized.
This typology is useful in the global assessment of the restructuring potential of the Romanian industry and in relocation of industrial activities.
CERCETĂRI REFERITOARE LA DEGRADAREA TERENURILOR AGRICOLE DIN BANAT CA URMARE A PROCESELOR DE PANTĂ
Gheorghe Ianoş
Abstract: Researches concerning the degradation of the agricultural land in Banat as a result of the slope processes. The researches performed on a certain area of 1, 198, 264 ha, representing the cultivated land of the Banat province, were made in following stages. a) – studies on the ground for the identification and cartography of the soil conditions and for the investigation of natural conditions; b) analytical laboratory determinations on reprersentative soil samples; c) the elabory of a legend of the soil and ground units which included 292 divisions, each divisions being characterised by 72 synthetic indicators of environment and soil; d) by plottig there were estabilished the expansion areas for each ground and soil unit; e) the final stage consisted of computer processing of more than 20000 coeficients, in accordance with a standardised methodology and some specific schedules. Depending on the workability of each soil and ground unit for agricultural usage, ther were elaborated a series of cathegories regarding the intensity of the limitative and restrictive factors, as follows: 1= reduced limitation; 2=moderate limitations; 3=severe limitations; 4=very sever limitation; 5=extremely severe limitations. The data research and procesing were realised for the selected area (the south western side of Romania) and included the following restriction moving to the ground degradation due to the slope processes: erosion danger (1=1,55%; 2=14,13%; 3=18,26%); sheet erosion (1.49%; 2=7,59; 3=0,39%; 4=2,20%); deep erosion (10.29%; 2=16,41; 3=9,50%); land slides (1= 10,96%)
LES PRATIQUES AGRICOLES ET L’ENVIRONNEMENT EN CHAMPAGNE CRAYEUSE
Claude Dumenil
Rezumat: Practicile agricole şi mediul în Champagne cretoasă – este o lucrare care aduce în atenţie o anumită parte a regiunii Champagne, respectiv cea dezvoltată pe cretă cretacică. Pentru a se putea vorbi despre practicile agricole şi efectul acestora asupra mediului a fost nevoie să se ia în considerare factorul istoric. Apoi, lucrarea prezintă factorii tehnici care stau la baza unei noi prosperităţi a acestei regiuni. În a doua parte este prezentată amenajarea spaţiului rural, ca noţiune şi practică puţin favorabilă protecţiei mediului.
ACTIVITĂŢILE DE SERVICII – IMPORTANŢĂ ECONOMICĂ ŞI DIFERENŢIERI SPAŢIALE
Claudia Popescu
Abstract: The Service Activities – economic significance and spatial unbalances. Romania like all the other socialist countries has experienced an economic development centred on industry and agriculture and only in a small extent on tertiary activities. Among them the best developed are the trade and transportation ones. Although they both undergo structural and ownership – type changes and the social demand its far more important than previously, they are still insignificant in job creation. The sharp declining economic environment particular to the transition period has influenced the evolution trends of the commercial and transport activities and has strengthened the spatial differences.
FLUXURILE FORŢEI DE MUNCĂ DIN ZONA INDUSTRIALĂ DE NORD -VEST A CAPITALEI
Sorina Vlad, Lucian Dobraca
Résumé: Les fluxes des forces travail de la zone industrielle de nord-ouest de la capitale. Pour l`analyse des fluxes de force de travail actuelles d`une zone industrielle dans une ville roumaine, nous avons choisi la zone industrielle de nord-ouest de Bucarest. Insérée dans la structure macro-fonctionnele presque concentrique de Bucarest, cette zone est marquée en même temps par l`influence de la voie ferrée. Les effets se ressentent sur le volume de navetteurs des principales unités industrielles de la zone et sur la configuration de l`aire de recrutement interne. Le rôle de la position, des dimensions, du type fonctionnel des entreprises est pris en considération pour l`appréciation du sens des déplacements.
NUMĂRUL PONDEREA ŞI REPATIŢIA GEOGRAFICĂ A MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE ÎN JUDEŢUL TIMIŞ
Remus Creţan
Abstract: The number, proportion and geographical repartition of national minorities in Timiş County. One of the most actual problems in the human geography is the ethnic structure of population. The importance of minorities studying is reflected in this paper viewing them in one of the biggest west Romanian border county that is Timiş. Besides the majority of population who are Romanians (80,1%) in Timiş county there live a lot of minorities (27%) from which the most important ones (Hungarians, Germans, Serbs, Gipsies Bulgarians, Ukraine’s and Slovaks) are largely treated as far as their number, proportion, territorial spreading or their historical colonisation are concerned.
ALEŞD – ASPECTE DE LOCALIZARE ŞI IMPLICAŢIILE LOR ÎN ORGANIZAREA SPAŢIULUI URBAN
Rodica Petrea
Résumé: Aleşd - aspects de localisation et leurs implications dans l’organisation d’espace urbain. Dans cette étude sont analysés les éléments naturels (géologiques et morphologiques) et anthropiques qui ont conduit au localisation de la ville d`Aleşd. Les avantages et les contraintes de l`implantation urbaine sont mis en évidence.
BEIUŞ – ASPECTE DE EVOLUŢIE TERITORIALĂ
Rodica Petrea
Résumé: Beiuş – Aspects d’évolution territoriale. Beius est une petite ville (moins de 20000 habitants) qui tire son origine du Moyen Age. La terrasse située sur la rive droit du Nimăieşti (altitude relative: 15m) constitue l’ancien site de la ville. La surface de la cité a été doublée pendant le XIX-e siècle. Progressivement, la ville a occupé la terrasse de 6-10m d’altitude. Longtemps bloquée par le Nimăieşti et le Crişul Negru, la ville a été contrainte de se développer à l’est et au sud. Dans le même temps, la proximité du talus de la terrasse de 30-40 m, pentu et instable, empêchait une croissance urbaine vers le nord. A présent, la ville se développe surtout à l’est et à l’ouest sur les terrasses inférieures.
ROMANIA – TOURIST’S REACCEPTING COUNTRY
Silviu Truţi, Martin Olaru, Remus Creţan
Abstract: Romania – Tourist’s reaccepting country. This papers refers to the Romanian participation at the international tourism taking into account the foreign tourists who visit our country. The problems of territorial reception for Romanian tourism have been studied by viewing the tourists accommodated and the foreign tourists. It was shown an area distributed of the foreign tourists it was shown an area distributed of the fluxes that come in Romania. We can draw the conclusion that because of the great offer of Romania and of the rising number of the foreign accommodated tourists, our country is one of the European countries with a high standard concerning international touristic circulation.
LA DIMENSION HUMAINE DES MODIFICATIONS GLOBALES DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT
Marcel Bazin
Rezumat: Dimensiunea umană a modificărilor globale ale mediului - este o lucrare de natură teoretică care pune în discuţie, la un moment dat, rolul geografilor în domeniul mediului, revendicat şi de alte discipline. Apoi, prezintă interesul pe care problemele ecologice l-a suscitat în numeroase ţări vest-europene, precum şi în Franţa unde problemele mediului sunt tratate pe două scări: local şi naţional.
PRECURSORI ALE TEORIILOR SOCIOLOGICE ALE DEVIANŢEI
Floarea Chipea
Abstract: Predecessors of sociological theory of deviation. The article presents several of the most representative theories about deviance that were formulated in the first half of the 19th century. We selected those authors and schools that are considered by historians of sociology as precursors of sociology of deviance. Among the works on delinquency we referred those authored by: The Cartographic School (A.M.Guerry, A. Quetelet), The Social Environment School (Lacassagne, Manouvier and G. Tarde), The School Focused on the Statistical Matematical Analysis of Criminality, Marxist writers and the Italian Criminal Sociology.