Year I, 1991:

 

 

MINERITUL ÎN MASIVUL TOROIOAGA (MARAMUREŞ) ŞI IMPACTUL SĂU ASUPRA MEDIULUI ÎNCONJURĂTOR

Ion MAC

 

Rezumat: Mineritul în masivul Toroioaga (Maramureş) şi  impactul său asupra mediului înconjurător. Cu toate că activitatea minieră subterană este mai puţin dăunătoare mediului înconjurător, totuşi prin caracterul agresiv al acesteia, în Masivul Toroioaga s-a ajuns la un dezechilibru geoecologic. Procesul de deteriorare a mediului înconjurător s-a derulat pe fondul unor premise naturale: energia mare a reliefului, fragmentarea orizontală pronunţată, pantele accentuate, gradul ridicat de mobilizare al rocilor (fisurări, diaclazări, dezagregări şi alterări etc) şi precipitaţii abundente. Toate acestea au stimulat direcţionarea descendentă a curenţilor de materie şi energie. Localizarea galeriilor de coastă şi a gurilor de mine la altitudini mari (cele mai înalte din ţară) a permis, apoi, factorilor de travaliu să antreneze mari cantităţi de materiale într-o dinamică accelerată. Tehnologiile de exploatare prin care se dislocă imense volume de rocă, sistemele de depozitare la gurile de mine în silozuri improvizate, transportul neglijent către staţiile de prelucrare, precum şi căile de acces amenajate prin dislocări de materiale, constituie surse remarcabile de substanţe solide ce intră în curenţii de travaliu de la nivelul versanţilor şi al talvegurilor de drenaj.  În urma prelucrării minereurilor au rezultat mari cantităţi de steril care a fost redepozitat sub forma haldelor sau decantat în bazine special amenajate de pe Colbu şi Novacilor. Concentratele de minereu sunt transportate în mijloace deschise către staţia de cale ferată situată în aval de oraşul Borşa, încât praful de sulfuri metalice spulberat de vânt îmbracă locuinţele, infestează apele şi contribuie la deteriorarea vegetaţiei naturale. Fenomenele potenţiale de risc s-au înmulţit, iar pericolele devin iminente. Peisajul minier actual, sugerează clar că în Masivul Toroioaga se instituie treptat o stare de dezastru ecologic, la care se asistă pasiv.    

 

ROCK GLACIERS AND OTHER PERIGLACIAL PHENOMENA IN THE SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS

Petru URDEA

 

Rezumat: Râuri de pietre şi alte fenomene periglaciare în Carpaţii Meridionali. Pentru Carpaţii Meridionali, relieful glaciar şi periglaciar reprezintă o componentă de seamă a peisajului geomorfologic. Condiţiile climatice şi microclimatice, alături de cele morfologice şi litologice favorizează existenţa formelor periglaciare, alături de câmpurile de pietre, terasele de crioplanaţie, blocurile glisante şi alte forme solifluxionale, gheţarii de pietre având o situaţie aparte nu doar prin rolul lor de indicator paleoclimatic.Urmărind repartiţia spaţială a gheţarilor de pietre, complexitatea formelor şi dimensiunile lor, se constată că cea mai mare frecvenţă, cea mai mare complexitate şi cele mai dezvoltate forme sunt prezente în circuri şi văi glaciare nordice din aria rocilor granitice (Retezat şi Parâng), în contrast cu frecvenţa redusă a formelor mari (predomină formele embrionare-protalus rampart) în aria rocilor cristaline epimetamorfice (Făgăraş şi Godeanu). Deşi majoritatea formelor sunt fosile, unele dintre ele sunt încadrate în categoria formelor inactive – active, perioada Micii Glaciaţii fiind caracteristică pentru reactivarea unor forme situate la peste 2000 m. 

 

CÂMPIA IERULUI . CARACTERIZARE GEOMORFOLOGICĂ

Nicolae  JOSAN

 

Résumé: La Plaine d’Ier. Caractérisation géomorphologique. La Plaine d`Ier se trouve au NV de la Roumanie. D`ailleurs, cette plaine représente une vallée très large, modelée par les rivières principales, le Tisa, le Someş et le Crasna et qui a été abandonnée ultérieure. La plaine de base actuelle où une petite rivière écoule à présent (Ier) est le résultat d`une coulée récente de la rivière Crasna. Les modifications des rivières principales ont été déterminés par les mouvements néotectoniques de cette zone, des mouvements stimulés par le fondement cristallin fragmenté, inégalement enfoncé et qui se trouve encore à la recherche d`un équilibre isostatique. Naturellement, cette plaine de basse avait les traits d`une delta intermédiaire qui représente une zone de refuge pour les plantes et les animaux.  

 

CONTRIBUŢII  LA CUNOAŞTEREA GEOMORFOLOGICĂ A DEPRESIUNII CĂMÂRZANA

Adrian CIOACĂ

 

Résumé: Contributions à la connaissance géomorphologique de la Depression de Cămârzana. En partant des données géologiques et géophysiques de la région des monts Oaş et des études géomorphologiques, dans la dépression de Cămârzana, sont exposé d`abord les opinions sur le rôle d`érosion latérale en formation de la dépression de Cămârzana et en général sur l`évolution du relief développe sur les roches volcaniques néogène et sédimentaires pannoniens. 

 

MODELAREA RELIEFULUI ŞI DEPOZITELE DE CUVERTURĂ ÎN MASIVUL FARCĂU – MIHAILEC

Rodica Petrea, Dan Petrea

 

Résumé: Le modelage du relief et les dépôts de couverture dans le massif Farcău-Mihailec. Les investigations effectuées sur le modelage du relief dans le massif Farcău, délimité par les vallées Repedea, Ruscova et Râca, dans les monts du Maramureş, ont mis en évidence l`ampleur des processus glaciaires et périglaciaires. Les formes glaciaires (cirques, moraines) sont développes en particulier sur les versants de l`est et du nord – est des massifs Farcău et Mihailec. Les formes glaciaires y sont développes grâce au conditions climatiques, tectoniques, géologiques et géomorphologiques favorables. Au contraire, les versants de l`ouest et sud – ouest sont modèles en particulière par des processus périglaciaires. Le relief d`origine périglaciaire peut être identifie sous la forme des entendus dépôts d`altération, des témoins périglaciaires, des éboulis, des champs de pierres etc. La modelage actuel, plus actif sur les dépôts d`altération périglaciaire, se réalise par de ruissellement et par d`érosion torrentielle.

 

VARIAŢIILE DE LUNGĂ DURATĂ ALE DIRECŢIEI ŞI VITEZEI VÂNTULUI LA STAŢIA METEOROLOGICĂ BUCUREŞTI

Ioan Fărcaş, Brânduşa Chiotoroiu

 

Abstract: Long term variations of wind direction and speed at Bucureşti station. The paper treats the problem of direction and the speed variations of wind on the period 1889 – 1989 at meteorological station Bucureşti – Filaret, using the method of weighted averages. The calculations put in evidence the cyclic character of variation, with phase of 30 – 35 years, with alternation of continental (North – East; East and maritime South – West; West) directions. The done findings are important in climate forecast on the long time.

 

CONDIŢIILE AEROSINOPTICE ÎN EVOLUŢIA REGIMULUI TEMPERATURILOR ÎN SEZONUL RECE DIN ULTIMII ANI ÎN VESTUL ROMÂNIEI

Florian  Benţe, D. Benţe

 

Abstract: Airsinoptical conditions in the evolution of temperature regime during the cold season in the last years in the western part of Romania. During the yearly average growth of air temperature, a relative milder aspect of the cold season is observed lately. Having a period of meteorological observation of 50 years for the station in Arad, the yearly average temperatures and those of the cold season have been calculated, without being observed a direct connection between the 2 elements within the same period reference. The analyzed period being relatively short and referring to only on point, we can’t observe cyclic evolution, but un regular deviations from normal (the yearly average lo, 8°C, and that of the cold season 0,2°C and a general trend of linear growth for the thermic values from 1986 up to 1990).  To be able determine the airsinoptical conditions that determined the thermic aspect of the last 2 winters, the systematization of the air mass was being distinguished the types of circulation for the deferent characteristic periods in this period of the year, referring to the western part of Romania. Some of the types of circulation have not been identified (3) and both of them have been more rare and insignificant. It can be asserted that the milder aspect of the last 2 winters was generated by a circulation of the atmosphere whose centers of low pressure were situated in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea (covering 50% of the interval) or in the north – vest of Europe, that is in Island (covering 50% of the interval to be studied). Another type is derived from the second, covering 20% of the interval and being in connection to the zone of maximum azorical pressure, prolonged with a dorsal over central Europe. The airsinoptical situations, which usually favor cold winters in the west of Romania, have been poorly represented in the last years. Such situations have been under the norm cooling. The low degree of humidity met in the central depression of the Mediterranean Sea and the lack of the cyclones with backwards movement had not led to the forming of consistent and permanent snow stratum that could have favored the diminution of the air temperature in radiative way. During the same period the thermic inversions have been reduced comparatively to their normal frequency.

 

UNELE ASPECTE PRIVIND PLOILE ACIDE ÎN ZONA MUNICIPIULUI ORADEA

Valentin  Vancea

 

Abstract: Some aspects related to acid rainsfalls in Oradea town. The study presents the analyses effectuated by the Hydrochemistry Laboratory within the Bihor Office for the Management of Waters, concerning the acid rains in the town of Oradea, between 1989 – 1990, and the main industrial (unit’s enterprises) which evacuate SO2 and NOX in the atmosphere, generating the show acidification of the environment, with its negative consequences upon the ecosystems.

 

ASPECTE PRIVIND SCHEMA DE AMENAJARE ŞI GOSPODĂRIRE A APELOR ÎN BAZINUL HIDROGRAFIC CRIŞUL REPEDE

Valentin Vancea

 

Abstract:.Some aspects related to water management of Crisul Repede hydrographic basin This article presents the water sources of Crişul Repede River in natural condition, the outfit of water for the uses from its hydrographic, the plans for a complex arrangement foreseen in the hydro technical scheme for a superior revaluation of its hydrological potential through embankments, regularizations of the bed of the river, barrages, hydro-electric, stations, accumulations for the attenuation of the high flood and also the supply with water to the population, industry, piscicultural enterprises, irrigations etc.

 

EVOLUŢIA URBANULUI ÎN JUDEŢUL BIHOR

Gr. P. Pop

 

Abstract: The Urban Evolution in the Bihor County. The work has in view the problems concerning the way on witch have developed and evolved the human communities in this part of the country, especially since 1910. The general conclusion is evident towards the years 1950, after which the urban sector presents a quite alert pace, so that the population of the towns (three in 1910 and nine in 1989) has growed in the analyzed period from 14,4% to 48%, the most important increases and weight belonging to the city of Oradea.

 

STUDIUL SOCIOGEOGRAFIC AL REGIUNILOR SLAB DEZVOLTATE AŞEZATE ÎN ARIA FRONTIEREI MAGHIARO - ROMÂNE

István  Süli – Zakar

 

Abstract: Social and geographical study of poor developed areas situated along Hungarian-Romanian border. In a considerable part of Hungary, the cities, agglomerates, dynamic rural regions and the infrastructural – communications channels linking these, are bordered by socio-economically declining and backward regions. The situation of these regions has become particularly acute since they are situated along the country’s borders. One such region has been formed along our north – eastern border. The peripheral border regions of the four courtiers taking up this territory form an un interrupted zone stretching from Ozd to Gyula. The backwardness of this rural region can partly be attributed to the unfavorable natural resources, the elimination or neutralization which has, until now, made little progress because of the peripheral socio-economic status of the region. The rural region under investigation lost their town cue tress owing to the peace treaty of 1920 and the subsequent border changes. Not even the last tow decades have been able to eliminate the depression due to the border alteration, nor the settlement system adjusted itself to the conditions of the border. The border regions have been classified as peripheries by the county and national administration, and through lack of development, the population of the regions has been pushed towards the center. The border regions investigated are all one – snidely agrarian in nature white it is common knowledge that agriculture, thus our agrarian regions, too, have been stricken with constant withdrawal of funds by the redistribution financial policies of the past decades. In view of the rural regions in question it is important to stress that the recent financial changes do not provide by themselves a sufficient basis for the demographically deformed and economically impoverished region to rise. Extensive regional preferences need to be introduced. The political changes of the recent past in Eastern Europe entertain that the rigid dividing function of the borders will ease, and that the “ethereal zed borders” will make it possible for the town centre and their action areas to be re-united. The cessation of borders may serve as a basis for Hungary and Romania to work out a common, co-ordained strategy for regional development in the border regions.      

 

PARTICULARITĂŢI GEOGRAFICE ALE AŞEZĂRILOR RURALE DIN DEPRESIUNEA CORNEREVA ŞI  ZONA MONTANĂ ÎNCONJURĂTOARE

Silviu Truţi

 

Résumé: Des particularités géographiques des habitats ruraux de la Dépression de Cornereva et de la zone montagneuse voisinante. Dans la Dépression de Cornereva et dans la  zone de montagnes environnante on trouve 40 sites humains crées au cours d`un long procès de valorisation des forêts, des pâturages et des foins naturels, de terrains favorables a l`agriculture. Les vallées des rivières (Ramna, Ohaba, Topla, Studena etc.) ont constitué de couloirs des pénétrations des populations vers la zone plus haute où celles- ci se sont établis après le défrichement les forêts, obtenant ainsi des terrains favorables à l`agriculture et aux pâturages. Les sommets doux et les cols constituaient de très bons chemins pour des relations économiques, sociales et culturelles entre la population de cette zone et celle de la vallée de Cerna, du Plateau Mehedinţi et des Souscarpates d`Olténie. Le profil économique (élevage, pomiculture, culture de la pomme de terre) et les particularités physique–géographiques ont influencé la grandeur, la texture et la forme de la surface construite des sites respectifs. Ce sont des sites ayant une population moins de 200 habitants et dont le contour se dessine vaguement dans le territoire qui prédominent. Pour bien exploiter des terrains dans la zone montagneuse les abris rudimentaires et les bergeries présentent une importance toute particulière. Etant très répandues dans la zone de montagnes, les bergeries ne sont employées que dans la période de l`année. Une partie considérable des abris sont habités pendant toute l`année.

 

ASPECTE NOI ÎN TRANSPORTURILE INTERNAŢIONALE. SISTEME MODERNE DE INTEGRARE A TRANSPORTURILOR SI IMPACTUL ACESTORA IN TERITORIU

Alexandru PĂCURAR

 

Résumé: Nouveaux aspects dans les transports internationals. Systèmes modernes d’intégration des transports et leurs impacts en territoire.  Dès les annés soixante-dix, on assiste au développement massif des transports rapides, les nouveaux pôles de croissance économique étant les grandes métropoles portuaires. La mondialisation des moyens de communication rend les espaces économiques plus dépendants les uns des autres que dans le passé. Les solutions pour les échanges internationales massives sont les transports multimodaux rapides qui, avec le RER, favorisent la concentration urbaine et le développement de la zone périurbaine, modifient la hiérarchie des villes. Parmi les nouveaux aménagements sont les aéroports internationaux qui jouent un rôle considérable dans le développement; dans leur environnement on a édifie des ZALA et achève la création de ports nouveaux spécialises et des zones industrialo- portuaires (ZIP).

 

POTENŢIALUL TURISTIC AL MUNŢILOR TRASCĂU

Gheorghe Măhăra

 

Résumé: Le potentiel touristique des Monts Trascău. Notre étude est concentré sur l`analyse et la mise en évidence les potentiels touristique, naturel, culturel et historique des Monts Trascău de Roumanie. A ce propos, il faut préciser que le fond morpho-touristique est représenté par des formes variées qui dépendent de la pétrographie et du facteur génétique. Par conséquent, le relief possède un riche potentiel touristique et localisé sur les schistes cristallins et ophiolites, sur les calcaires, sur les grès, sur les conglomérats ou les formes de désagrégation, tous représentant des points d’attraction touristique. Nous analysons ensuite le fond touristique hydrographique (on remarque le petit lac « Iezerul Ighielului ») et le fond biogéographique. Les réserves naturelles, les monuments naturels conçus comme éléments ayant une importance aussi bien scientifique que touristique sont inclus sur la carte touristique. Notre étude souligne la nécessite du contrôle rigoureux de leur exploitation touristique. Le fond touristique anthropique est représente par les vestiges archéologiques (cités, châteaux, monastères, églises a vastes décorations picturales, musées) et par beaucoup d`éléments d`ethnographie et d`art populaire. La base matérielle du développement du tourisme dans cette zone est représentée par les voies d`accès et les conditions de logement et d`alimentation publique, illustrés aussi sur la carte. Dans la dernière partie de notre travail, nous envisageons une série de mesures que nous considérons nécessaires pour amplifier le rendement touristique de cette  zone.